共用题干第一篇Approaches to Understanding IntelligencesIt pays to be smart,but we ...

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问题共用题干第一篇
Approaches to Understanding Intelligences
It pays to be smart,but we are not all smart in the same way.You may be a talented musician,but you might not be a good reader.Each of us is different.
Psychologists disagree about what is intelligence and what are talents or personal abilities.Psychologists have two different views on intelligence.Some believe there is one general intelligence.Others believe there are many different intelligences.
Some psychologists say there is one type of intelligence that can be measured with IQ tests.These psychologists support their view with research that concludes that people who do well on one kind of test for mental ability do well on other tests.They do well on tests using words,numbers,or pictures.They do well on individual or group tests,and written or oral tests.Those who do poorly on one test,do the same on all tests.
Studies of the brain show that there is a biological basis for general intelligence.The brains of intelligent people use less energy during problem solving.The brain waves of people with higher intelligence show a quicker reaction.Some researchers conclude that differences in intelligence result from differences in the speed and effectiveness of information processing by the brain.
Howard Gardner,a psychologist at the Harvard School of Education,has four children.He believes thai all children are different and shouldn't be tested by one intelligence test.Although Gardner believes general intelligence exists,he doesn't think it tells much about the talents of a person outside of formal schooling.He thinks that the human mind has different intelligences.These intelligences allow us to solve the kinds of problems we are presented with in life.Each of us has different abilities within these intelligences.Gardner believes that the purpose of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelligences.
Gardner says that his theory is based on biology.For example,when one part of the brain is injured,other parts of the brain still work.People who cannot talk because of brain damage can still sing.So,there is not just one intelligence to lose.Gardner has identified 8 different kinds of intelligence:linguistic,mathematical,spatial,
musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, body-kinesthetic（身体动觉的）,and naturalistic.

选项 Which of the following statements is true concerning general intelligence? A:Most intelligent people do well on some intelligence tests. B:People doing well on one type of intelligence test do well on other tests. C:Intelligent people do not do well on group tests. D:Intelligent people do better on written tests than on oral tests.

答案 B

解析本篇文章主要讲了对智力的两种不同看法。
文章标题即为理解智力的方式。第二段也明确表明，心理学家对智力主要有两种不同的观点：一些人认为只有一种普遍存在的智力；还有些人认为存在着许多不同种类的智力。所以文章主要讲的就是怎样理解智力。
根据第三段第一、二句可知，持普遍智力观点的心理学家认为，做好一种智力测试的人同样能做好其他种类的智力测试。
根据第五段第二句可知，Gardner相信所有的孩子都是不同的，不应用相同的智力测试来测验其智力。也就是说，他认为孩子的智力不尽相同。
根据第五段最后一句可知，Gardner认为学校的目标应该是鼓励我们开发各方面的智力。
根据第六段第一句可知，Gardner说他的理论以生物学为基础。

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